Using genetic tools to inform conservation of fragmented populations of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across their range in China

A herd of 15 Chinese elephants attracted international attention during their 2021 northward trek, motivating the government to propose establishment of an Asian elephant national park. However, planning is hampered by a lack of genetic information on the remaining populations in China. We collected DNA from 497 dung samples from all 5 populations encompassing the entire range of elephants in China and used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to investigate their genetic and demographic structure. We identified 237 unique genotypes (153 females, 84 males), representing 81% of the known population. However, the effective population size was small (28, range 25–32). Historic demographic contraction appeared to account for low haplotype diversity (H_d = 0.235), but moderate nucleotide and nuclear diversity (π = 0.6%, H_e = 0.55) was attributable to post-bottleneck recovery involving recent population expansion plus historical gene exchange with elephants in Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. The 5 populations fell into 3 clusters, with Nangunhe elephants differing consistently from the other 4 populations (F_ST = 0.23); elephants from Mengyang, Simao, and Jiangcheng belonged to a single population (henceforth, MSJ), and differed from the Shangyong population (F_ST = 0.11). Interpopulation genetic variation reflected isolation by distance and female-biased dispersal. Chinese elephants should be managed as 2 distinct units: Nangunhe and another combining Shangyong and MSJ; their long-term viability will require restoring gene flow between Shangyong and MSJ, and between elephants in China and neighboring countries. Our results have the potential to inform conservation planning for an iconic megafaunal species.     

苹果树种植对黄土旱塬土壤蒸发的影响

以陕西长武旱塬为例,分别对研究区农地和5个不同林龄(9、12、16、19 a和23 a)苹果园的土壤剖面氢氧稳定同位素进行测定,利用Craig-Gordon模型定量估算其土壤平均蒸发量,并基于“空间换时间”方法分析果园种植及生长对土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明：农地及9、12、16、19、23 a林龄苹果园的土壤蒸发量均随苹果树的种植及生长呈现先减少再增大的趋势,年均蒸发量分别为129、104、89、119、128、136 mm;苹果园的土壤蒸发量变化与叶面积指数呈显著负相关(R=-0.713);苹果园种植的前中期(9～12 a)土壤蒸发量随叶面积指数增加逐渐减小,而在中后期(12～23 a)深层土壤水被大量消耗造成的干旱胁迫使得果树叶面积减少,从而导致林下土壤蒸发量又逐渐增大。     

The Expression of Long Noncoding RNA (H19) in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Development

This experiment was intend to study the changes of long non-coding RNA (H19) expression levels in skeletal muscle development and regeneration,and lay the foundation of its mechanism reach in skeletal muscle development.C2C12 cell line and ICR mice were used as experimental material,bioinformatics assay was used to exploit its non-coding character and low conservatism in different species,and the expressions of H19 in C2C12 cell differentiation,skeletal muscle development and the phase of muscle regeneration were detected by quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).The results showed that,H19 expression levels in postnatal mouse skeletal muscle decreased with increasing age;during C2C12 cell differentiation,H19 mRNA increased gradually,and then maintained a high level;The expression of H19 was maintained at a high level through days 4 to 6 after injury.In consideration of its express character in C2C12 cell differentiation and skeletal muscle damage repair model,H19 may play an important role in promoting myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.     

杉木人工林地力衰退研究概述

介绍了我国杉木人工林地力衰退的现状，从森林土壤条件、杉木人工林的营养循环特点和人为经营措施等方面分析了导致杉木人工林地力衰退的原因，提出营建人工复层林、林地施肥、适当延长轮伐期，加强植被管理和进行定位观测等措施防止地力衰退。     

成年金丝小枣树移植及管理技术

为提高经济效益,减少损失,对金丝小枣成年大树移植技术进行了研究。论述了移植前的各项准备工作,移栽技术及移栽后的各项管理措施。     

柿炭疽菌的室内药效试验

通过在凹玻片上测试10种不同杀菌剂对柿炭疽菌分生孢子萌发、芽管伸长、附着孢形成的影响，对诱发凹玻片上菌丝孢子产生和在PDA上菌丝生长抑制作用的研究，认为不同的杀菌剂对不同菌态的炭疽菌药效不同。药剂筛选结果表明百菌清、退菌特、多菌灵3种杀菌剂药效最好，但它们对病原菌的作用机制不同。     

秃杉不同苗龄造林效果探讨

笛杉是我国特有的珍稀树种，但由于其１年生苗较小，各夺在引种中一般都采用２年生苗造林，效果不十分理论，经试验采用苗高１５cm以上，地径０．２５cm以上的１年生苗造林，只要造林时认真、细致，第６年后就与２年生苗造林生长效果相仿。１年生苗造林具有成活率高、育苗和造林成本低的特点值得在生产中推广。     

2004—2013年我国空间格局分析的方法-点格局分析法研究文献分析

为了解我国近十年来点格局分析法方面的研究现状,采用文献计量学等统计方法,对2004—2013年我国空间格局分析的方法-点格局分析法研究方面的文献进行了分类统计分析。结果共检索出点格局分析法方面的文献232篇。其中不同期刊的载文分布,发文量达10篇以上的期刊有5种,占32.33%。不同年份发文量,2004年发表的文献量最少,仅3篇;2012年最多,达到41篇。不同第一作者发文量,发文量少于5篇的作者最多,占59.48%;发文量为5篇的有9人,占19.40%;发文量为6~9篇的有5人,占16.38%;发文量为10篇或以上的仅1人,占4.74%。作者机构分布,在所搜集的232篇文献中,有9个机构在此期间发表的论文7篇,占71.55%。文献的研究层次,基础与应用基础研究的发文量最多,占93.10%。     

用意杨压缩木替代传统木梳材料的研究

我国木梳素以小叶黄杨、楠木、枣木、梨木等树种为制梳材料。由于人口膨胀,木梳需求量巨增,制梳原材料渐已匮乏,绵延1 500多年的传统木梳手工艺文化正面临消亡的威胁。笔者选择速生树种——意杨为制梳材料,按木梳实用功能和产业经济的实际需求,对意杨压缩木进行一般物理特性试验,对其木梳制品进行实用和成本分析,最终确定50％左右的意杨压缩木完全能替代木梳传统原材料。     

电磁屏蔽功能胶合板初探

为了赋予木基复合材料电磁屏蔽功能,在脲醛树脂胶中加入碳、石墨等导电单元,制备3层结构的杨木胶合板,研究不同导电单元对胶合板电磁屏蔽效能的影响.结果表明:导电单元的粒度越小,胶合板的电磁屏蔽效能越好,最大可达22 dB,但相关机理和量化关系还有待于深入研究.